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- **************************************************
- * ATP synthase alpha and beta subunits signature *
- **************************************************
-
- ATP synthase (proton-translocating ATPase) (EC 3.6.1.34) [1,2] is a component
- of the cytoplasmic membrane of eubacteria, the inner membrane of mitochondria,
- and the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts. The ATPase complex is composed of
- an oligomeric transmembrane sector, called CF(0), and a catalytic core, called
- coupling factor CF(1). The former acts as a proton channel; the latter is
- composed of five subunits, alpha, beta, gamma, delta and epsilon. The
- sequences of subunits alpha and beta are related and both contain a
- nucleotide-binding site for ATP and ADP. The alpha chain has catalytic
- activity, while the beta chain is a regulatory subunit.
-
- Vacuolar ATPases [3] (V-ATPases) are responsible for acidifying a variety of
- intracellular compartments in eukaryotic cells. Like F-ATPases, they are
- oligomeric complexes of a transmembrane and a catalytic sector. The sequence
- of the largest subunit of the catalytic sector (70 Kd) is related to that of
- F-ATPase beta subunit, while a 60 Kd subunit, from the same sector, is related
- to the F-ATPases alpha subunit [4].
-
- Archaebacterial membrane-associated ATPases are composed of three subunits.
- The alpha chain is related to F-ATPases beta chain and the beta chain is
- related to F-ATPases alpha chain [4].
-
- A protein highly similar to F-ATPase beta subunits is found [5] in some
- bacterial apparatus involved in a specialized protein export pathway that
- proceeds without signal peptide cleavage. This protein is known as fliI in
- Bacillus and Salmonella, Spa47 (mxiB) in Shigella flexneri and HrpB6 in
- Xanthomonas campestris.
-
- In order to detect these ATPase subunits, we took a segment of ten amino-acid
- residues, containing two conserved serines, as a signature pattern. The first
- serine seems to be important for catalysis - in the ATPase alpha chain at
- least - as its mutagenesis causes catalytic impairment.
-
- -Consensus pattern: P-[SAP]-[IV]-[DNH]-x(3)-S-x-S
- [The first S is a putative active site residue]
- -Sequences known to belong to this class detected by the pattern: ALL, except
- for the archaebacterium Sulfolobus acidocaldarius ATPase alpha chain where
- the first Ser is replaced by Gly.
- -Other sequence(s) detected in SWISS-PROT: 10.
-
- -Note: F-ATPase alpha and beta subunits, V-ATPase 70 Kd subunit and the
- archaebacterial ATPase alpha subunit also contain a copy of the ATP-binding
- motifs A and B (see the relevant section).
-
- -Last update: June 1994 / Pattern and text revised.
-
- [ 1] Futai M., Noumi T., Maeda M.
- Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58:111-136(1989).
- [ 2] Senior A.E.
- Physiol. Rev. 68:177-231(1988).
- [ 3] Nelson N.
- J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 21:553-571(1989).
- [ 4] Gogarten J.P., Kibak H., Dittrich P., Taiz L., Bowman E.J., Bowman B.J.,
- Manolson M.F., Poole R.J., Date T., Oshima T., Konishi J., Denda K.,
- Yoshida M.
- Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86:6661-665(1989).
- [ 5] Dreyfus G., Williams A.W., Kawagishi I., MacNab R.M.
- J. Bacteriol. 175:3131-3138(1993).
-